In addition, COVID-19 pandemic has great impact on psychological stress and mental health worldwide ( Bao et al., 2020, Kang et al., 2020, Li et al., 2020, Pfefferbaum and North, 2020, Shi et al., 2020a). Severe cases can include dyspnea ( Lin et al., 2020), shock ( Wang et al., 2020a), organ dysfunction ( Guan et al., 2020, Wang et al., 2020a, Xu et al., 2020, Yang et al., 2020, Yao et al., 2020), acute cardiac injury ( Han et al., 2020a, Strabelli and Uip, 2020, Wang et al., 2020a, Yao et al., 2020, Zhou et al., 2020a), acute kidney injury ( Guan et al., 2020, Li et al., 2020a, Pan et al., 2020, Wang et al., 2020a, Yao et al., 2020), acute liver injury ( Xie et al., 2020, Xu et al., 2020, Yao et al., 2020 Zhang et al., 2020a), neurological injury ( Mao et al., 2020, Wu et al., 2020), gastrointestinal injury ( Yao et al., 2020), immune injury ( Chen et al., 2020b, Guan et al., 2020, Qin et al., 2020, Wang et al., 2020b, Xu et al., 2020, Yao et al., 2020, Liu et al., 2020b, Zheng et al., 2020), coagulation impairment ( Han et al., 2020b, Tang et al., 2020a), and even death ( Huang et al., 2020, Wang et al., 2020a) ( Fig.
However, a large proportion of COVID-19 cases have rapidly progressed to severe types, especially among older men with underlying diseases ( Chen et al., 2020c, Huang et al., 2020, Liu et al., 2020c, Wang et al., 2020a).
COVID-19 patients often exhibit mild symptoms, such as fever, cough, myalgia, and fatigue and generally have a good prognosis. SARS-CoV-2 bears an 82% resemblance to the genomic sequence of SARS-CoV ( Chan et al., 2020) however, COVID-19 presents a lower case fatality rate and higher infectiousness than SARS, with mortality rates of approximately 3.7% for COVID-19 and 10% for SARS ( WHO, 2003, WHO, 2020a). Although most cases of the disease caused by most pathogenic coronaviruses are mild ( Su et al., 2016), the SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV outbreaks in 20, respectively, demonstrated their high lethality ( Schoeman and Fielding, 2019). SARS-CoV-2 is a distinct clade of beta coronaviruses encompassing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) ( Lu et al., 2020). Herein, we summarize the current potential therapeutic approaches for diseases related to COVID-19 infection and introduce their mechanisms of action, safety, and effectiveness.Ĭoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-2019), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and has spread rapidly across the world due to its high transmissibility and pathogenicity ( Munster et al., 2020, Zhu et al., 2020). Furthermore, intensive research and clinical trials are underway to assess the efficacy of existing drugs and identify potential therapeutic targets to develop new drugs for treating COVID-19. A number of these therapies have provided substantially curative benefits in treating patients with COVID-19 infection. Numerous potential therapies, including supportive intervention, immunomodulatory agents, antiviral therapy, and convalescent plasma transfusion, have been tentatively applied in clinical settings. The lessons learned from past management of respiratory viral infections have provided insights into treating COVID-19.
There is currently no specific treatment available for patients with COVID-19 infection. As of April 15, 2020, the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-2019) pandemic has swept through 213 countries and infected more than 1,870,000 individuals, posing an unprecedented threat to international health and the economy.
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